If You Love Me, Keep My Commandments.

Barnabas IX  (The Apostle)

(That the commands of Moses concerning clean and unclean beast, &c., were all designed for a spiritual signification.)

1.   But why did Moses say; Ye shall not eat of the swine, neither the eagle nor the hawk; nor the crow; nor any fish that has not a scale upon him?  I answer, that in the spiritual sense, he comprehended three doctrines, that were to be gathered from thence.

2.   Besides which he says to them in the book Deuteronomy, And (I will give my statutes unto this people. 
Wherefore it is not the command of God, that they should not eat these things; but Moses in the spirit spake unto them.

3.   Now the sow he forbad them to eat; meaning thus much; thou shalt not join thyself unto such persons as are like unto swine; who whilst they live in pleasure, forget their God; but when any want pinches them, then they know the Lord; as the sow when she is full knows not her master; but when she is hungry she makes a noise; and being again fed is silent.

4.   Neither, says he, shalt thou eat the eagle, nor the hawk, nor the kite, nor the crow, that is thou shalt not keep company with such kind of men as know not how by their labour and sweat to get get themselves food: but injuriously ravish away the things of others; and watch how to lay snares for them; when at the same time they appear to live in perfect innocence.

5.  (So these birds alone seek not food for themselves, but) sitting idle seek how they may eat of the flesh others have provided; being destructive through their wickedness.

6.  Neither, says he, shalt thou eat the lamprey, nor the polypus, nor the cuttle-fish; that is thou shalt not be like such men, by using to converse with them; who are altogether wicked and adjudged to death. For so those fishes are alone accursed, and wallow in the mire, nor swim as other fishes, but tumble in the dirt the bottom of the deep.

7.  But he adds, neither shall thou eat of the hare. To what end?  To signify this to us;  Thou shalt not be an adulterer; nor liken thyself to such persons. For the hare every year multiplies the places of its conception; and as many years as it lives, so many it has. 

8.  Neither shalt thou eat of the hyena; that is, again, be not an adulterer, nor a corrupter of others; neither be like to such. And wherefore so?  Because that creature every year changes its kind, and is sometimes male and sometimes female. 

9.  For which cause he also justly hated the weasel; to the end that they should not be like such persons who with their mouths commit wickedness by reason of their uncleaness; nor join themselves to impure women, who with their mouths commit wickedness. Because that animal conceives with its mouth.

10. Moses, therefore, speaking as concerning meats, delivered three great precepts to them in the spiritual signification of those commands. But they according to the desires of the flesh, understood him as if he had only meant it for meats.

11. And therefore David took aright the knowledge of his threefold command, saying in like manner:

12. Blessed is the man that hath not walked in the counsel of the ungodly; as the fishes before mentioned in the bottom of the deep in darkness.

13. Nor stood in the way of sinners, as they who seem to fear the Lord, but yet sin, as the sow.

14. And hath not sat in the seat of scorners, as those birds that sit and watch that they may devour.

15. Here you have the law concerning meat perfectly set forth, and according to the true knowledge of it.

16. But, says Moses, ye shall eat all that divideth the hoof, and cheweth the cud. Signifying thereby such an one as having taken his food, knows him that nourisheth him; and resting upon him, rejoiceth in him. 

17. And in this he spake well, having respect to the commandment. What therefore is it that he says?  That we should hold fast to them that fear the Lord; with those who meditate on the word which they have received in their heart; with those that declare the righteous judgements of the Lord, and keep his commandments.;

18. In short, with those who know that to meditate is a work of pleasure, and therefore exercise themselves in the word of the Lord.

19. But why might they eat those that clave the hoof? Because the righteous liveth in this present world; but his expectation is fixed upon the other. See, brethren, how admirably Moses commanded these things. 

20. But how should we thus know all this, and understand it!  We, therefore, understanding aright the commandments, speak as the Lord would have us. Wherefore he has circumcised our ears and our hearts, that we might know these things.